Compositions for use as antioxidant

ABSTRACT

A composition may be used as antioxidant, wherein the composition includes one or more of the following anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, petunidin-3-galactoside, and/or malvidin-3-glucoside.

The present invention is related to a composition for use as antioxidant, wherein the composition comprises one or more of the following anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, petunidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside.

It is estimated that about 18 million people died from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in 2015 worldwide, and more people die every year from CVDs than from any other cause. Actually, due to the impossibility to act on non-modifiable cardiovascular risk factors such as age, gender, genetics and ethnicity, the pharmacological therapy remains the unique validated clinical approach able to fight CVDs incidence and progression however, leading to a dramatic increase in global spending (Mishra and Monica 2019). Thus, discovering new substances able to evoke cardiovascular protection, is imperative. Protective or preventive substances are also insofar of high interest, as arterial stiffness, a predictor for CVD, is not only reversible via diet and exercise, but also via dietary components like resveratrol (Oh, 2018).

During the last years, epidemiological studies have identified a relationship between diet and CVD, but there is still considerable scientific uncertainty about the relationship between specific dietary components and cardiovascular risk (Schmitt and Ferro 2013; Carrizzo et al. 2019). A promising dietary group for cardiovascular protection are polyphenols, especially flavonoids, as they are inversely associated with blood pressure and lower risk of hypertension (Godos, et al., 2019). In this regard, anthocyanins, natural pigments belonging to the flavonoid family, are widely distributed in the human diet such as beans, fruits, vegetables, and red wine (Khoo et al. 2017). Actually, it is well-accepted that these natural products present in fruits and plant-derived-foods are relevant because of their potential health-promoting effects, as suggested by the available experimental and epidemiological evidence (Wallace 2011a). For this reason, interest in the biochemistry and biological effects of anthocyanin compounds has increased substantially during the last decade. It has been reported that anthocyanins exert positive effects on human health by reducing inflammatory processes and counteracting oxidative stress (de Pascual-Teresa, Moreno, and Garcia-Viguera 2010), improving the blood lipid profile, inhibiting the growth of cancerous cells (Hou 2003) and owning anti-obesity effects (Tsuda et al. 2003). With regard to CVD, anthocyanins from blueberries or red wine showed an improvement in flow mediated dilation (FMD), and augmentation index in human, as well as NO-dependent vessel relaxation in mice (Andriambeloson, et al., 1998; Curtis, et al., 2019; Rodriguez-Mateos, et al., 2019). Despite all their beneficial properties, the possible direct action of anthocyanins on the vasculature, both at functional and molecular levels, remains completely unknown.

Anthocyanins are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear red, purple or blue, depending on the surrounding pH-value. Anthocyanins belong to the class of flavonoids, which are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway. They occur in all tissues of higher plants, mostly in flowers and fruits and are derived from anthocyanidins by addition of sugars. Anthocyanins are glycosides of flavylium salts. Each anthocyanin thus comprises three component parts: the hydroxylated core (the aglycone); the saccharide unit; and the counterion. Anthocyanins are naturally occurring pigments present in many flowers and fruit and individual anthocyanins are available commercially as the chloride salts, e.g. from Polyphenols Laboratories AS, Sandnes, Norway. The most frequently occurring anthocyanins in nature are the glycosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin and petunidin.

It is known that anthocyanins, especially resulting from fruit intake, have a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-carcinogenic activities, improvement of vision, induction of apoptosis, and neuroprotective effects. Particularly suitable fruit sources for the anthocyanins are cherries, bilberries, blueberries, black currants, red currants, grapes, cranberries, strawberries, cowberries, elderberries, saskatoon berries and apples and vegetables such as red cabbage, black scented rice (especially the varieties Chakhao Poireiton and Chakhao Amubki), blue maize, winter barley, etc. (Benvenuti et al., 2004; Escalante-Aburto et al., 2016 and Diczhazi et al, 2014). Bilberries, in particular Vaccinium myrtillus, and black currants, in particular Ribes nigrum, are especially suitable.

As already suggested in 2005 by Bell and Gochenaur, anthocyanin-rich extracts also possess a powerful antioxidant action (Bell and Gochenaur 2006), making them of potential importance to cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, hypertension as well as diabetes, which are extensively characterized by an increase of ROS production (Bassenge, Schneider, and Daiber 2005; Higashi et al. 2009; Puca et al. 2013). In such conditions of excess vascular and extravascular production of ROS, there is an impairment of NO bioavailability leading to endothelial damage and dysfunction. Clearly, factors that can enhance or protect the endothelial NO system, or scavenge and inactivate ROS, have the potential for exert an important cardiovascular protection. The results revealed an important antioxidant action of Healthberry 865® on mice mesenteric arteries stimulated with angiotensin-II, which is able to evoke ROS generation in vasculature (Vecchione et al. 2005), completely abolished ROS production, thus clearly demonstrating the important antioxidant action of this mixture of anthocyanins. It is well known that oxidative stress can be reduced by different biochemical processes, through a scavenger action or modulating the main ROS intracellular complex, NADPH oxidase enzyme. Thus, to understand the specific Healthberry 865® antioxidant action, the generic intracellular ROS was measured by Dihydrorhodamine, demonstrating the capability of the anthocyanin's mixture to significantly reduce total ROS production. Interestingly, a similar effect was reproduced by six specific single anthocyanins C3-glu, C3-rut, DP3-glu, MAL3-glu, MAL3-gal and PEO3-gal included in the mixture, thus suggesting that antioxidant properties of Healthberry 865® are mediate by the combination of anthocyanins. Even more interesting is that the analysis of NADPH oxidase activity, the main endogenous pro-oxidant machinery, was completely blunted by Healthberry 865®, and, although to a lesser extent, by C3-glu, C3-rut, DP3-glu, MAL3-gal and MAL-3glu demonstrating that these single anthocyanins confer to Healthberry 865® a higher vascular antioxidant action.

Bilberries contain diverse anthocyanins, including delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides and include several closely related species of the genus Vaccinium, including Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry), Vaccinium uliginosum (bog bilberry, bog blueberry, bog whortleberry, bog huckleberry, northern bilberry, ground hurts), Vaccinium caespitosum (dwarf bilberry), Vaccinium deliciosum (Cascade bilberry), Vaccinium membranaceum (mountain bilberry, black mountain huckleberry, black huckleberry, twin-leaved huckleberry), Vaccinium ovalifolium (oval-leafed blueberry, oval-leaved bilberry, mountain blueberry, high-bush blueberry).

Dry bilberry fruits of V. myrtillus contain up to 10% of catechin-type tannins, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins. The anthocyanins are mainly glucosides, galactosides, or arabinosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, and—to a lesser extent—malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (D3G), malvidin-3-O-glucoside (M3G), peonidin-3-O-glucoside and petunidin-3-O-glucoside). Flavonols include quercetin- and kaempferol-glucosides. The fruits also contain other phenolic compounds (e.g., chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, o-, m-, and p-coumaric acids, and ferulic acid), citric and malic acids, and volatile compounds.

Black currant fruits (R. nigrum) contain high levels of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, phenolic acid derivatives (both hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids), flavonols (glycosides of myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin), and proanthocyanidins (between 120 and 166 mg/100 g fresh berries). The main anthocyanins are delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside (D3R) and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (C3R), but D3G and C3G are also found (Gafner, Bilberry—Laboratory Guidance Document 2015, Botanical Adulterants Program).

EP 1443948 A1 relates to a process for preparing a nutritional supplement (nutraceutical) comprising a mixture of anthocyanins from an extract of black currants and bilberries. Anthocyanins were extracted from cakes of fruit skin produced as the waste product in fruit juice pressing from V. myrtillus and R. nigrum. It could be shown that the beneficial effects of individual anthocyanins are enhanced if instead of an individual anthocyanin, a combination of different anthocyanins is administered orally, in particular a combination comprising both mono and disaccharide anthocyanins. It is thought that the synergistic effect arises at least in part from the different solubilities and different uptake profiles of the different anthocyanins.

In the context it was surprisingly found that extracts of black currants and bilberries exerts an important vasorelaxant effect of mice resistance arteries. This action is mediated by nitric oxide release through the intracellular signaling P13K→Akt. Moreover, behind its capability to modulate vascular tone, it exerts also an important antioxidant effect though the modulation of NADPH oxidase enzyme. Interestingly, its cardiovascular properties are mediated by the selective action of different anthocyanins. Finally, the exposure of human dysfunctional vessels to berry extracts significantly reduces oxidative stress and improves NO bio-availability.

The present invention is related to a composition for use as antioxidant, wherein the composition comprises one or more of the following anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises at least two of the following anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside.

It is further preferred, if the composition comprises the following anthocyanins: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside.

Information on anthocyanin content on different fruits can be found in the literature, such as for black currant, red currant, black chokeberry, bilberry, cowberry, elderberry, (Benvenuti et al., 2004; Kahkonen et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2004), strawberry, sweet cherry and sour cherry (Jakobek et al., 2007), wild blueberries and Saskatoon berries (Hosseinian et al., 2007), blue maize (Escalante-Aburto, 2016), Korean coloured rice (Seo et al., 2011), rhubarb petioles (Takeoka et al., 2013).

High amounts of cyanidin-3-glucoside are especially present in the following fruits: blackberries, elderberries, sweet cherry, blue maize, Korean colored rice (Heuginju), Saskatoon berries.

High amounts of cyanidin-3-rutinoside are present in blackberries, black currant, red currant, sweet cherry, sour cherry, rhubarb, Saskatoon berries.

High amounts of delphinidin-3-glucoside are present in black currant, wild blueberries, Saskatoon berries.

High amounts of malvidin-3-galactoside are present in bilberries, Saskatoon berries, wild blueberries.

High amounts of peonidin-3-galactoside are present in wild blueberries, Saskatoon berries.

High amounts of malvidin-3-glucoside are present in bilberries, wild blueberries, Saskatoon berries.

Preferred mixture comprises blackberries, elderberries, sweet cherry, Saskatoon berries, bilberries and wild blueberries. Such fruit mixtures cover a mixture of the relevant anthocyanins cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside.

It is particularly preferred to provide mixtures with similar amounts of the beneficial anthocyanins, to ensure maximum antioxidant capacity. Therefore, in an advantageous configuration of the present invention, the mixture comprises blackberries, black currant, red currant, bilberries, sweet cherry, wild blueberries and Saskatoon berries. It is preferred, when the composition comprises anthocyanins and the anthocyanins are present in the composition at a concentration of at least 5 μg/ml, preferably at least 10 μg/ml, more preferably at least 25 μg/ml, most preferably at least 50 μg/ml.

In a preferred embodiment, the mixture comprises the specific fruits in defined ratios (in weight-%): blackberries:black currant:red currant:bilberries:sweet cherry:wild blueberries:Saskatoon berries in ratios of 0.5-5:5-15:30-50:50-70:30-50:20-40:1-10, more preferably 1:10:40:60:40:30:2.

In an alternative embodiment, the composition further comprises delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside and/or cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, preferably form Hibiscus (Ojeda et al., 2009).

In another embodiment, the composition comprises an extract of black currants and bilberries.

In a preferred embodiment, the black currants are the fruit of Ribes nigrum and/or the bilberries are the fruit of Vaccinium myrtillus. It is further preferred, when the composition contains an extract from black currants and bilberries in a weight ratio of 0.5:1 to 1:0.5. In an advantageous configuration of the present invention, the composition is an extract of the pomaces from black currants and bilberries.

It is particularly preferred, when the composition comprises anthocyanins and the anthocyanins are present in the composition at a concentration of at least 25 weight-%, preferably at least 30 weight-%, or at least 35 weight-%, or at least 40 weight-%, or at least 45 weight-%, or at least 50 weight-%.

It is preferred, according to the present invention, when the extract is an alcoholic extract, preferably a methanol extract. The extract is preferably produced by a process comprising the steps of

-   -   extraction of black currants and/or bilberries, %.     -   purification via chromatography,     -   mixing of the extract(s) with water and     -   spray-drying of the mixture.

One example of such a process is disclosed in EP1443948.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition is for preventing or treating a disease or disorder selected from cardiovascular diseases, preferably atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke, diabetes-related cardiovascular disfunctions, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypercholesterolemia, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

In another embodiment, the composition is for improving performance during exercise and/or improving recovery after exercise or during cardiac rehabilitation.

The composition according to the present invention preferably contains at least three monosaccharide anthocyanins. Moreover, it preferably contains at least one monosaccharide anthocyanin in which the saccharide is arabinose or at least one disaccharide anthocyanin in which the disaccharide is rutinose. The composition preferably contains anthocyanins with at least two different aglycones, more preferably at least four. Especially preferably the composition contains anthocyanins in which the aglycone units are cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, malvidin and optionally also pelargonidin. In one preferred embodiment, the composition also contains at least one trisaccharide anthocyanin. The disaccharide anthocyanins are more water-soluble than the monosaccharides; moreover, cyanidin and delphinidin anthocyanins are amongst the most water-soluble anthocyanins.

The anthocyanins can be from natural sources or from synthetic productions. Natural sources are preferably selected from fruits, flowers, leaves, stems and roots, preferably violet petal, seed coat of black soybean. Preferably anthocyanins are extracted from fruits selected from: açaí, black currant, aronia, eggplant, blood orange, marion blackberry, black raspberry, raspberry, wild blueberry, cherry, queen Garnet plum, red currant, purple corn (Z. mays L.), concord grape, norton grape, muscadine grape, red cabbage, okinawan sweet potato, Ube, black rice, red onion, black carrot. Particularly suitable fruit sources for the anthocyanins are cherries, bilberries, blueberries, black currants, red currants, grapes, cranberries, strawberries, black chokeberry, and apples and vegetables such as red cabbage. Bilberries, in particular Vaccinium myrtillus, and black currants, in particular Ribes nigrum, are especially suitable. It is further preferred to use plants enriched with one or more of anthocyanins as natural sources, preferably plants enriched with delphinidin-3-rutinoside.

The counterion in the anthocyanins in the composition of the invention may be any physiologically tolerable counter anions, e.g. chloride, succinate, fumarate, malate, maleate, citrate, ascorbate, aspartate, glutamate, etc. Preferably however the counterion is a fruit acid anion, in particular citrate, as this results in the products having a particularly pleasant taste. Besides the anthocyanins, the composition may desirably contain further beneficial or inactive ingredients, such as vitamins (preferably vitamin C), flavones, isoflavones, anticoagulants (e.g. maltodextrin, silica, etc.), desiccants, etc.

A further subject of the present invention is a composition comprising extracts or fruits of blackberries, black currant, red currant, bilberries, sweet cherry, wild blueberries and Saskatoon berries, where preferably blackberries, black currant, red currant, bilberries, sweet cherry, wild blueberries and Saskatoon berries are present in a ratio of 0.5-5:5-15:30-50:50-70:30-50:20-40:1-10. The ratio of the different fruits is determined by using different amounts (referring to the weight of the single components in the composition) of the specific fruits or extracts. The composition comprises anthocyanins and the anthocyanins are present in the composition at a concentration of at least 5 μg/ml, preferably at least 10 μg/ml, more preferably at least 25 μg/ml, most preferably at least 50 μg/ml.

In such a composition, the anthocyanins with positive antioxidant effects cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside are present in similar amounts in the composition.

WORKING EXAMPLES

The berry extracts composition (Healthberry® 865; Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) used in the present study is a dietary supplement consisting of 17 purified anthocyanins (all glycosides of cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin) isolated from black currant (Ribes nigrum) and bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus).

The relative content of each anthocyanin in the Healthberry® 865 product was as follows: 33.0% of 3-O-b-rutinoside, 3-O-b-glucosides, 3-O-b-galactosides, and 3-O-b-arabinosides of cyanidin; 58.0% of 3-O-b-rutinoside, 3-O-b-glucosides, 3-O-b-galactosides, and 3-O-b-arabinosides of delphinidin; 2.5% of 3-O-b-glucosides, 3-O-b-galactosides, and 3-O-b-arabinosides of petunidin; 2.5% of 3-O-b-glucosides, 3-O-b-galactosides, and 3-0-b-arabinosides of peonidin; 3.0% of 3-O-b-glucosides, 3-O-b-galactosides, and 3-O-b-arabinosides of malvidin.

The 3-O-b-glucosides of cyanidin and delphinidin constituted at least 40-50% of the total anthocyanins.

The major anthocyanins contained in the berry extract used are cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside and delphinidin-3-galactoside.

In addition to the anthocyanins mentioned above, the product also contained maltodextrin (around 40 weight-% of the composition), and citric acid (to maintain stability of anthocyanins). The amount of anthocyanin citrate is at least 25 weight-% of the composition. The composition is prepared from black currants and bilberries by a process comprising the steps of alcoholic extraction of black currants and bilberries, purification via chromatography, mixing of the extracts with maltodextrin citrate and water and spray-drying of the mixture. The product composition contains extracts of black currants and bilberries mixed in a weight ratio of around 1:1.

Materials

Healthberry 865® (HB) was obtained from Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Darmstadt (Germany) and single anthocyanins, Delfinidin-3-rutinoside (D3-rut), Cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3-rut), Delphinidin-3-glucoside (DP3-glu), Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3-glu), Petunidin-3-glucoside (PT3-glu), Delphinidin-3-galactoside (DP3-gal), Peonidin-3-galactoside (PEO3-gal), Delphinidin-3-arabinoside (DP3-ara), Malvidin-3-galactoside (MAL3-gal), Malvidin-3-glucoside (MAL3-glu), Cyanidin-3-galactoside (C3-gal), Cyanidin-3-arabinopyranoside (C3-arapy) were obtained from Polyphenols AS, Sandnes (Norway). Primary antibodies and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled anti-rabbit or anti-mouse fragment immunoglobulin, and enhanced chemiluminescence for Western blotting detection reagent were purchased from Amersham Biosciences. All the inhibitors, powders and solvents necessary for the preparation of the buffers were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich.

Experimental Animals

All experiments involving animals were conformed to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 2011) and were approved by review board. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice (weighing˜25 g) (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me., USA) have been used to perform vascular reactivity and molecular studies.

Vascular Reactivity Studies

Aorta, carotid, femoral arteries and second-order branches of the mesenteric arterial tree were removed from mice to perform vascular studies. Vessels were placed in a wire or pressure myograph system filled with Krebs solution maintained at pH 7.4 at 37° C. in oxygenated (95% O₂/5% CO₂). First, an analysis of vascular reactivity curves was performed. In particular, vasoconstriction was assessed with 80 mmol/L of KCI or with increasing doses of phenylephrine (from 10-9 M to 10-6 M) in control conditions. Endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxations were assessed by measuring the dilatory responses of mesenteric arteries to cumulative concentrations of acetylcholine (from 10-9 M to 10-6 M) or nitroglycerine (from 10-9 M to 10-6 M) respectively, in vessels precontracted with phenylephrine at the dose necessary to obtain a similar level of precontraction in each ring (80% of initial KCI-evoked contraction). Caution was taken to avoid endothelial damage; functional integrity was reflected by the response to acetylcholine (from 10-9 M to 10-6 M).

Vascular responses were then tested administering increasing doses of Healthberry 865®-865 or single anthocyanins. Some experiments were performed in presence of selective inhibitors, such as phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase inhibitor (LY274002, 10 μM,1 h), Akt inhibitor (Akt inh, 1 μM, 1 h) or the NOS inhibitor N-ω-nitro-1-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 300 μM, 30 min) before data for dose-response curves were obtained.

Evaluation of NO Production by DAF

Production of NO was assessed as previously described (Carrizzo et al. 2016). Healthberry 865®-865 (100 μg/mL) or acetylcholine (10-6 M) was administered to the mesenteric artery in the last 30 min of 4-amino-5-methylamino-2,7,-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM) incubation, alone and after 20 min exposure to L-NAME (300 μmol/L, 30 min). Mesenteric segments were cut in 5-μm thick sections, observed under a fluorescence microscope, subsequently counterstained with haematoxylin and eosin and observed under a light microscope.

Analysis of Total ROS Production

Dihydroethidium (DHE, Life Technologies) was used to evaluate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse mesenteric arteries, as previously described. Briefly, vessels were incubated with 5 μM of DHE for 20 min and subsequently observed under a fluorescence microscope (Zeiss). Images were acquired by a digital camera system (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions). A second estimation of total ROS production in mouse vessels was performed with the membrane-permeable fluorescent probe an analog of 2,7-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCDHF), Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) (Invitrogen). After treatment, vessels were incubated with Krebs solution containing 5 μM DHR123 for 30 min at 37° C., and then washed two times with PBS prior to fluorescence measurement using a fluorescence microplate reader (TECAN infinite 200 Pro).

Evaluation of NADPH-Mediated O2—Production

To determine NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide radical (O2—) production, we used the lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence assay, as previously described (Schiattarella et al. 2018). Vessels were homogenized in a buffer containing protease inhibitors (mmol/L: 20 monobasic potassium phosphate, 1 EGTA, 0.01 aprotinin, 0.01 leupeptin, 0.01 pepstatin, 0.5 phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, pH 7.0). Protein content was measured in an aliquot of the homogenate by Bradford method. In some experiments, cells and vessels were pre-incubated with pharmacological inhibitors before measurements. The reaction was started by the addition of NADPH (0.1 mmol/l) and lucigenin (5 μmol/l) to each well. The chemiluminescence was measured using Tecan Infinite Pro M200 multimode microplate at 37° C.

Gel Electrophoresis and Immunoblotting

After isolation, arteries were solubilized in lysis buffer containing 20 mmol/L Tris-HCl, 150 mmol/L NaCl, 20 mmol/L NaF, 2 mmol/L sodium orthovanadate, 1% Nonidet, 100 μg/ml leupeptin, 100 μg/ml aprotinin and 1 mmol/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Samples were left on ice for 30 minutes, centrifuged at 13000 g for 15 minutes and supernatants were used to perform Western immunoblot analysis. Total protein levels were determined using the Bradford method. 30 μg proteins were resolved on 8% SDS-PAGE, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and immunoblotted with anti-phospho-eNOS Serine 1177 (Cell Signaling, rabbit polyclonal antibody 1:800) and with anti-total-eNOS (Cell Signaling, mouse mAb 1:1000). HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were used at 1:3000 dilution (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Protein bands were detected by ECL Prime (Amersham Biosciences) and quantitated with ImageJ software.

Statistical Analysis

Data are presented as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by 2-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. Repeated measurements were analysed by One-way ANOVA followed Bonferroni post-hoc test. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at p<0.05.

Example 1: Berry Extracts Evoke a Direct Vasorelaxant Action of Conduit and Resistance Arteries

In order to evaluate the vascular properties of HB a first series of experiments were performed on different vascular districts, aorta and carotid arteries and femoral and mesenteric arteries, which represent respectively the prototypes of conduit and resistance arteries. Interestingly, the administration of increasing doses of HB (1 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL) is able to exert, per se, a direct vasorelaxant action on both kinds of vascular districts. As showed in FIG. 1 , HB evokes a dose-dependent vascular effect, and at the maximal dose used of 100 μg/mL, was able to reach 80-90% of vasorelaxation in all studied vessels.

FIG. 1A-D) show vascular response of phenylephrine-precontracted mice vessels to increasing doses of HB (1-100 μg/mL) on (A) Aorta (N=5) (B) Carotid (N=5) (C) Femoral (N=5) (D) or Mesenteric arteries (N=7). E) Vascular response of phenylephrine-precontracted mice mesenteric arteries to increasing doses of HB in vessels with endothelium (e+) and without endothelium (e−). Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA followed Bonferroni post-hoc test. *p<0.05; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Based on the well-validated concept that alteration of resistance arteries exerts an important role in the development, and may contribute to the complications of cardiovascular disease, mice mesenteric arteries were characterized, which are considered the prototype of resistance vessels.

Example 2: The Vascular Effect is Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Mediated

To investigate the possible vascular molecular mechanisms recruited by HB, further experiments on mice mesenteric arteries were performed, which is considered the prototype of resistance vessels involved in the blood pressure regulation. As showed in FIG. 2 , the administration of increasing doses of HB to phenylephrine-preconstricted mesenteric arteries pre-treat with L-NAME, a well-validated endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) inhibitor, showed a complete abolition of its vasorelaxant effect, thus suggesting that eNOS enzyme represents the endothelial target molecule necessary to translate the vascular effect of HB. To dissect the molecular mechanism involved, one of the most important modulators of eNOS metabolism, Akt, a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that plays a key role in endothelium-dependent relaxation through eNOS enzyme were interrogated. Interestingly, the use of Akt inhibitor was able to completely block the vasorelaxant effect of HB. Generally, to activate Akt some upstream molecules able to elicit the activation of Nitric Oxide production are needed. In this regard, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) represents one of the best characterized molecules involved in the intracellular activation of eNOS. In this experimental setting, the pre-treatment with LY294002, a strong chemical inhibitor of PI3K was able to abolish the vascular action of HB, confirming that PI3K/AKT/eNOS-dependent signalling pathway represents the molecular mechanism that transduces the vascular action of HB. The western blot analyses showed that HB is able, through PI3K and Akt, to positively modulate the Serine 1177 phosphorylation site of eNOS, the most important activation site of the enzyme that promotes NO production. Moreover, DAF-FM fluorescence induced by HB was comparable to that obtained with a classical agonist that evokes NO release, such as acetylcholine, and L-NAME pretreatment clearly abolishes endothelial nitric oxide release (FIG. 2 ).

FIG. 2 A-C) show vascular response of phenylephrine-precontracted mice mesenteric arteries to increasing doses of HB in presence of (A) L-NAME, (B) Akt inhibitor, (C) or in presence of PI3K inhibitor (LY294002).

FIG. 2 D) shows representative high-power micrographs of 10pm sections of mice mesenteric arteries loaded for 2 h with 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-FM) reveal nitric oxide production after treatment with acetylcholine (Ach 10-6 M) or HB (50 μg/mL) and after 30 min of pretreatment with L-NAME (300 μmol/L), counterstained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE). Scale bar, 50 μm. E) Semiquantitative analyses of immunoblots of mice mesenteric arteries treated with HB (100 μg/mL) alone, or HB plus Akt inhibitor or LY294002, columns are the mean±SEM of three independent experiments. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA followed Bonferroni post-hoc test. *p<0.05; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Example 3: Vascular Evaluation of Most Abundant Single Anthocvanins in Berry Extracts

The vascular properties of the single anthocyanins contained in Healthberry 865®: Delphinidin-3-rutinoside (D3-rut), Cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3-rut), Delphinidin-3-glucoside (DP3-glu), Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3-glu), Petunidin-3-glucoside (PT3-glu), Delphinidin-3-galactoside (DP3-gal), Peonidin-3-galactoside (PEO3-gal), Delphinidin-3-arabinoside (DP3-ara), Malvidin-3-galactoside (MAL3-gal), Malvidin-3-glucoside (MAL3-glu), Cyanidin-3-galactoside (C3-gal) and Cyanidin-3-arabinopyranoside (C3-arapy) were tested on mice mesenteric arteries.

Interestingly, the evaluation of the possible direct vascular action of C3-rut, C3-glu, DP3-glu, PT3-glu, DP3-glu PEO3-gal, DP3-gal, MAL3-gal, DP3-ara and MAL3-glu revealed that none of the single anthocyanins was able to evoke a dose-dependent vasorelaxation comparable to that observed after Healthberry 865® administration (FIG. 3 ). A deeper analysis of dose-responses curves showed that DP3-gal and C3-rut reached better vasorelaxation compared to the other (about 32,5% and 36,5%). In contrast, only C3-gal was able to reproduce the direct vasorelaxant effect of Healthberry 865®; in fact, the evoked vasorelaxant curve was very similar to that induced by Healthberry 865® (FIG. 3 ).

FIG. 3A-L) shows characterization of vascular action of single anthocyanins. Vascular response of phenylephrine-precontracted mice mesenteric arteries to increasing doses of single anthocyanins, Cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3-rut), Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3-glu), Delphinidin-3-glucoside (DP3-glu), Delfinidin-3-rutinoside (D3-rut), Petunidin-3-glucoside (PT3-glu), Peonidin-3-galactoside (PEO3-gal), Delphinidin-3-galactoside (DP3-gal), Malvidin-3-galactoside (MAL3-gal), Delphinidin-3-arabinoside (DP3-ara), Malvidin-3-glucoside (MAL3-glu), Cyanidin-3-arabinopyranoside (C3-arapy) and Cyanidin-3-galactoside (C3-gal) (1-100 μg/mL).

Example 4: Vasorelaxant Action of Cyanidin-3-galactoside is Mediated by AMPK/eNOS Signaling

In order to evaluate the direct vascular action of the single anthocyanins on the modulation of nitric oxide synthase, which is the enzyme involved in Healthberry 865® evoked-vasorelaxation, the analysis and measurement of vessels-derived-nitric oxide after treatment of mesenteric arteries was performed with each anthocyanin. Interestingly, although vasorelaxant effects evoked by DP3-gal, C3-rut and DP3-ara were observed, only C3-gal was able to evoke a significant increase of nitric oxide production from vessels, similarly to that observed after Healthberry 865® treatment (FIG. 4 ). Thus, the possible molecular mechanisms recruited by C3-gal were analyzed. Of note, the inhibition of eNOS, by L-NAME, significantly reduced its vasorelaxant properties, thus confirming NO-dependent vasorelaxation. However, differently from what was observed in Healthberry 865® vascular action, the presence of Akt or PI3K inhibitor did not inhibit C3-gal vascular action, assuming a different upstream pathway. Thus, Dorsomorphin, an important selective inhibitor of AMPK was used. In this condition, C3-gal completely lost its vasorelaxant capability (FIG. 5 ).

FIG. 4 shows representative high-power micrographs of 10 μm sections of mice mesenteric arteries loaded for 2 h with 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-FM) reveal nitric oxide production after treatment with acetylcholine (Ach 10-6 M) or single anthocyanins (50 μg/mL). Bar graph shows the mean fluorescence intensity of N=4 section for each anthocyanin.

FIG. 5 shows vascular response of phenylephrine-precontracted mice mesenteric arteries to increasing doses of Cyanidin-3-galactoside (A) in presence of L-NAME, (B) in presence of Akt inhibitor, (C) in presence of PI3K inhibitor LY294002, (D) or in presence of Dorsomorphin, a selective AMPK inhibitor. Statistical analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA followed Bonferroni post-hoc test. *p<0.05; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

Example 5: The Antioxidant Vascular Action of Healthberry 865® is Due to the Combination of the Anthocyanins Contained

Previously few studies have reported an antioxidant activity of Healthberry 865® in human subjects (Karlsen et al. 2007). To investigate the capability of Healthberry 865® and the single anthocyanins contained on the modulation of oxidative stress, several methodological approaches were performed measuring both, total anti reactive oxygen species (ROS) capacity and their specific action on the modulation of the main machinery of ROS production, the activity of NADPH oxidase enzyme. The studies performed on mice mesenteric arteries revealed that Healthberry 865® owns an important anti-oxidative action, as showed by the significant reduction of Angiotensin II-induce ROS formation (FIG. 6 ). A deeper analysis, using single anthocyanins revealed that C3-glu, C3-rut, DP3-glu, MAL3-gal, PEO3-gal, Mal-3-glu are able to reproduce the antioxidant action of Healthberry 865®. Accordingly, the biochemical measurement of ROS generation by DHR1,2,3 probe confirm the results obtained with DHE (FIG. 6B).

Moreover, the analysis of NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity after stimulation with Angiotensin II, a gold-standard inducer of NOX activation was performed. The results showed that C3-glu, C3-rut, DP3-glu, MAL3-gal, PEO3-gal, MAL3-glu are able to reduce NOX activity. However, these single anthocyanins resulted in a smaller reduction than evoked by Healthberry 865® (FIG. 6C). In fact, C3-glu and MAL3-glu resulted to be the most powerful anthocyanins closer to the potent effect of Healthberry 865®.

FIG. 6 show representative high-power micrographs of 10 μm sections of mice mesenteric arteries loaded with dihydroethdium probe at the concentration of 5 μM. Vessels were pre-treated with single anthocyanins (50 μg/mL) for 1 hours and then stimulated with Angiotensin II for 15 minutes prior to the acquisition. (A) Measurement of ROS production by DHR123 in vessels treated with single anthocyanins. (B) NADPH oxidase activity in mesenteric arteries exposed to HB or single anthocyanins. Data are expressed as increase of chemiluminescence per minute.

Example 6: A Mix of Specific Anthocyanins Exert a Powerful Vasorelaxant and Antioxidative Action

Based on the previous results, the possible effect on both vasorelaxation and antioxidative action of a mix of different Healthberry 865®-anthocyanins was investigated. To pursue this goal, C3-galactoside, the most powerful vasorelaxant anthocyanin, was combined with C3-rut, DP3-ara, C3-rut, and DP3-ara/C3-rut in a triple combination, normalizing their relative concentration for each dose-response curve in order to obtain for a combination with two anthocyanins a ratio of 1/2:1/2 and for three 1/3:1/3:1/3. Surprisingly, in combination with C3-rut the best improvement of vasorelaxant curve has been observed, which although reaching the same maximal point of C3-gal alone, it showed a significant improvement of middle points (at 5 and 25 μg/mL) (FIG. 7A-D). Interestingly, the analysis of DAF-FM at the dosage of 25 μg/mL of each compound revealed a potentiation of nitric oxide release in presence of C3-gal plus C3-rut, in comparison to C3-gal alone.

FIG. 7A-D show vascular response of phenylephrine-precontracted mice mesenteric arteries to increasing doses of a combination of anthocyanins mixed with a ratio 1:1. A-D) Cyanidin-3-galactoside (C3-gal) plus Cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3-rut); (B) Cyanidin-3-galactoside (C3-gal) plus Cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3-rut) plus Delphinidin-3-arabinoside (DP3-ara); (C) Cyanidin-3-galactoside (C3-gal) plus Delphinidin-3-arabinoside (DP3-ara); (D) Summary figure of vasorelaxant properties of different mix. (E) Representative high-power micrographs of 10 μm sections of mice mesenteric arteries loaded for 2 h with 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-FM) reveal nitric oxide production after treatment with acetylcholine (Ach 10-6 M) or different anthocyanins mixed with a ratio 1/2:1/2 in presence of two anthocyanins of with a ratio 1/3:1/3:1/3 in presence of three compounds. Statistical anlaysis were performed using One-way ANOVA followed Bonferroni post-hoc test.

To evaluate the role on oxidative stress, the action of further mixtures was analyzed: MIX 1: C3-glu+C3-gal; MIX 2: Mal3-glu+Mal3-gal; MIX 3: C3-glu+DP3-glu+Mal3-glu; MIX 4: Mal3-gal+PEO3-gal; MIX 5: C3-glu+DP3-glu+C3-rut+Mal3-glu+Mal3-gal+PEO3-gal. Interestingly, the measurement of both total ROS production and that of NADPH oxidase activity revealed highest efficacy of MIX 5 (FIG. 7E-F).

FIG. 7E-F show vascular response of phenylephrine-precontracted mice mesenteric arteries to increasing doses of a combination of anthocyanins mixed with a ratio 1:1. E-F) Measurement of ROS production by DHR123 in vessels treated with anthocyanins mixture and NADPH oxidase activity. Data are expressed as increase of chemiluminescence per minute. Statistical analysis were performed using One-way ANOVA followed Bonferroni post-hoc test.

Example 7: Berry Extracts Reduce Oxidative Stress and Improve NO Bioavailability in Human Dysfunctional Vessels

In order to translate the data obtained in animal models to human, the action of Healthberry 865® on human superior thyroid artery (STA) obtained from patients undergoing carotid revascularization surgery was assessed. At baseline, STA presented an important endothelial dysfunction, as showed by the altered acetylcholine-evoked vasorelaxation, while the muscular function resulted non compromised (FIG. 8 ). Of note, the treatment with 50 μg/mL of Healthberry 865® for 1 hour was able to significantly improve the altered endothelial vasorelaxation. The measurement of total oxidative stress revealed that after Healthberry 865® treatment there is a significant reduction of ROS in the vessels (FIG. 8 ). Surprisingly, after Healthberry 865® stimulation there is a significant increase of NO-production which reflects perfectly the improvement of vasorelaxant response.

FIG. 8 shows in A) Dose-response curves of relaxation of human Superior Tyroid Artery (STA) collected from hypertensive and dyslipidaemic patients in response to increasing doses of acetylcholine (ACh) alone, of after preincubation with HB865® for 1 hours at the dosage of 50 μM. The response obtained was expressed as the percentage. Data are given as mean±SEM (n=4) B) dihydroethdium (DHE) and DAF-FM staining of human vessels untreated or treated with HB865® for 1 hours.

Example 8: Mixture of Different Fruits for an Optimized Ratio of Anthocyanins with Antioxidative Capacity

In order to achieve an optimal ratio of all anthocyanins, which have a strong antioxidative effect, literature values for the content of the single anthocyanins in specific fruits were compared. Since it is postulated that the beneficial anthocyanins shall be present in a nearly equimolar ratio, the fruits with the highest amounts of the respective anthocyanins were combined in different ratios to achieve balanced ratios of the anthocyanins cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside.

The content of anthocyanins was analyzed in detail for black currant, red currant, black chokebeny bilberry, cowberry, elderberry (Benvenuti et al., 2004; Kähjönen et al., 2003; Wu et al., 2004), strawberry, sweet cherry and sour cherry (Jakobek et al., 2007), wild blueberries and Saskatoon berries (Hosseinian et al., 2007).

By mixing fruits with high amounts of the desired anthocyanins, the following contents of the specific anthocyanins were achieved:

TABLE 1 mixture of blackberry, black currant, red currant, bilberry, sweet cherry, wild blueberry and Saskatoon berry in the ratio of 1:1:1:1:1:1:1 Total amount Total amount in mixture (weight-%/total Anthocyanin (mg/100 g) anthocyanin amount) Ratio cyanidin-3-glucoside 1009 30 15 cyanidin-3-rutinoside 111 3 1.5 delphinidin-3-glucoside 431 13 6.5 malvidin-3-galactoside 127 4 2 peonidin-3-galactoside 65 2 1 malvidin-3-glucoside 222 7 3.55 others 1352 41 20 Sum 3317 100

After mixing the desired berries in the ratio of 1:1:1:1:1:1:1, the specific anthocyanins are present in different amounts in the mixture, differing by a factor of up to 15.

By mixing fruits with high amounts of the desired anthocyanins in an optimized ratio, the following contents of the specific anthocyanins were achieved:

TABLE 2 mixture of blackberry, black currant, red currant, bilberry, sweet cherry, wild blueberry and Saskatoon berry in the ratio of 1:10:40:60:40:30:2 Total amount Total amount in mixture (weight-%/total Anthocyanin (mg/100 g) anthocyanin amount) Ratio cyanidin-3-glucoside 4307 9 2.1 cyanidin-3-rutinoside 2142 4 1.1 delphinidin-3-glucoside 6678 13 3.3 malvidin-3-galactoside 3778 7 1.9 peonidin-3-galactoside 2550 5 1.3 malvidin-3-glucoside 6394 13 3.2 others 24640 49 12.2 Sum 50489 100

After mixing the desired berries in the ratio of 1:10:40:60:40:30:2, the specific anthocyanins are present in similar amounts in the mixture, differing by a factor of less than 4. This corresponds to the mixing ratio of anthocyanins from the previous experiments.

References

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1. A composition suitable for use as antioxidant, the composition comprising an anthocyanin comprising: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-galactoside, and/or malvidin-3-glucoside.
 2. The composition of claim 1, comprising at least two of the anthocyanins.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anthocyanin comprises: the cyanidin-3-glucoside, the cyanidin-3-rutinoside, the delphinidin-3-glucoside, the malvidin-3-galactoside, the peonidin-3-galactoside, and the malvidin-3-glucoside.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anthocyanin is from one or more fruits or fruit extracts.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anthocyanin is from blackberries, sweet cherry, Saskatoon berries, bilberries, and/or wild blueberries, wherein the composition comprises the anthocyanin at a concentration of at least 5 μg/mL.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anthocyanin is from an extract of black currants and bilberries.
 7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the black currants are a Ribes nigrum fruit and/or the bilberries are a Vaccinium myrtillus fruit.
 8. The composition of claim 1, comprising the anthocyanin at a concentration of at least 25 weight-%.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the anthocyanin is from an alcoholic extract.
 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the extract is prepared by a process comprising: extracting black currants and/or bilberries, to obtain an extract: purifying the extract via chromatography, to obtain a purified extract; mixing of the purified extract(s) with water, to obtain a mixture, and spray-drying of the mixture.
 11. A method for preventing or treating a cardiovascular disease or disorder, the method comprising: administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of claim
 1. 12. A method for improving performance during exercise and/or improving recovery after exercise or during cardiac rehabilitation, the method comprising: providing to a subject conducting the exercise or rehabilitation an effective amount of the composition of claim
 1. 13. A composition, comprising: extracts or fruits of blackberries, black currant, red currant, bilberries, sweet cherry, wild blueberries, and Saskatoon berries, wherein the composition comprises anthocyanins at a concentration of at least 5 μg/mL.
 14. The composition of claim 13, comprising the blackberries, black currant, red currant, bilberries, sweet cherry, wild blueberries, and Saskatoon berries in a ratio of 0.5-5:5-15:30-50:50-70:30-50:20-40:1-10.
 15. The composition of claim 14, comprising the blackberries, black currant, red currant, bilberries, sweet cherry, wild blueberries and Saskatoon berries in a ratio of around 1:10:40:60:40:30:2.
 16. The composition of claim 1, comprising at least three of the anthocyanin.
 17. The composition of claim 1, comprising at least four of the anthocyanin.
 18. The composition of claim 7, wherein the extract is from the black currants and the bilberries in a weight ratio in a range of from 0.5:1 to 1:0.5. 